Trends in UK Rape Statistics Over Time

Trends in UK Rape Statistics Over Time National statistics about crime in England and Wales have been collected and published by the Home Office since 1805 (Clarke, 2006). Originally, the statistics only included proceedings and convictions data from the courts. However, in 1857, data about crimes reported to and recorded by the police were also introduced in to the statistics, with the introduction of the latter, the government seized the opportunity and could exercise oversight over what was then a highly localised policing structure accountable at the local political level (Clarke, 2006, p. 7), meaning that the government could watch over the statistics produced by the police when it came to politics. This essay is going to look at the figures for Rape from these statistics provided, and comment and discuss the trend of rape over the last 120 years, and will also look at the origin and location of these statistics and how they have changed and the impact the changes have had on rape. There are many different definitions to the word Rape in the English language. But overall it is not all that hard to define because most of the definitions broadly have the same concept of what rape is. One definition of Rape, comes from Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer, who define rape as: copulation resisted to the best of the victims ability unless such resistance would probably result in death or serious injury to the victim or in death or injury to individuals the victim commonly protects (Thornhill Palmer, 2000, p. 1). However, they do also acknowledge that other sexual assaults such as oral or anal penetration of a man or a woman under the same conditions, can also be classed as rape (Thornhill Palmer, 2000, p. 1). Another definition of rape comes from Merriam-Webster, which defines Rape as: unlawful sexual activity and usually sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against the will usually of a female or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent because of mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception (Merriam-Webster, 2017, p. 1). However, the main legal definition comes from government legislation website, by The National Archive, under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 which defines Rape as: (1) A person (A) commits an offence if- (a) He intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person (B) with his penis, (b) B does not consent to the penetration, and (c) A does not reasonably believe that B consents. (2) Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents. (3) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offence under this section. (4) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life. (Sexual Offences Act, 2003, p. 1). In addition to this, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 also has definitions of rape for rape offences committed against children under the age of 16 and even younger children, who are under the age of 13. The definition for rape or other sexual activity of a child under 16 is as follows: The elements of the offence are: (A) aged 18 or over intentionally causes or incites another person (B) to engage in an activity the activity is sexual, and either (B) is under 16 and (A) does not reasonably believe that B is 16 or over, or (B) is under 13.(Sexual Offences Act, 2003, p. 1) Finally, the Rape of a child under 13 is defined as: (1) A person commits an offence if- (a)he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person with his penis, and (b)the other person is under 13. (2) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life. (Sexual Offences Act, 2003, p. 1). Now that the definition of rape has been outlined, we can now move on to look at the trend of rape over the last 120 years and how it has changed over time and the reasons for it. If we look at the graph for Rape over the last 120 years, we can see that there has been a huge increase in the amount of rape that has taken place compared to the amount of Criminal Damage that has occurred. As we can see from the graphs below, the trend for Rape has significantly increased over the last 120 years. Even though the graph for Criminal Damage shows that the trend for Criminal Damage has increased, we can see from the chart that criminal damage peaked in 2008/09 and then the figures started dropping, resulting in the trend decreasing. As far as rape goes, the main increase has been over the last 20 years, mainly because of the new laws that were introduced in the Sexual Health Act 2003 replacing the old laws of the Sexual Health Act 1956. As can be seen from the graph, after the new laws were introduced in the Sexual Health Act 2003, the rate of rape per year increased by 2561 between the year 2001/02 and 2002/03. This is because the Sexual Health Act 2003 introduced the new law that allowed for more sexual offences to be classed as rapes. For example, before this new law, it can be seen from the two bar charts below that the rape of a child under 16 or even under 13 wasnt even recorded by the police until 2004/05 when Sexual Health Act 2003 was properly taking form. Further to this, the rape of a female in general wasnt even recorded by the police in these statistics until 1995 as can be seen in the graph below. A reason for this can be because before 1991, it was legal for a husband to rape his wife. This was suggested by Sir Matthew Hale, in Historia Placitorum Coronea, who stated that the husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given herself up to her husband, consent which she cannot retract (Hale, 1736, p. 629). However, after this case, that rule was abolished by the judge hence making marital rape illegal. Despite this, female rape wasnt recorded pre-1995 because it wasnt until 1994 when S.1 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 was substituted by S.142 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 to include marital rape, and so added the following to the definition of rape: (3) A man also commits rape if he induces a married woman to have sexual intercourse with him by impersonating her husband.(4) Subsection (2) applies for the purposes of any enactment. (Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, 1994, p. 1). After this law was introduced, female rape started to be recorded by the police. Furthermore, two feminist researchers, Jalna Hanmer and Sheila Saunders, found that the encounters that women faced by men everyday were not revealed in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) because the CSEW is not designed to disclose information of that kind of nature. This suggests that rapes which may have occurred prior to 1995 were only reported to the police in the last decade. This may have been because of the changing in the social construction of the police, meaning that there are more female officers now than there used to be, which makes rape victims more likely and willing to talk to instead of male officers. In addition to this, society has also changed to provide more victim support for rape victims by establishing rape centres for victims (Hanmer Saunders, 1984). However, having said this, we are looking at police recorded crime statistics. These statistics are not exactly accurate because there are some rapes or crimes not recorded by the police at all. This is because we are looking statistics from the Crime Survey for England Wales. According to a Crime Statistics 2006 report, by the then Home Secretary of State Charles Clarke, even though there is a lengthy history of reported and recorded crime statistics, that were used to judge police performance, the statistics, for a while now, have been documented as having a number of weaknesses (Clarke, 2006, p. 7). He went on to outline three main weaknesses in the statistics from the CSEW. He stated: First, there have been regular claims that the police adjust their crime statistics to improve measured reported performance (Clarke, 2006, p. 7), meaning that the statistics recorded by the police are not exactly, as they have been adjusted so that the police look more credible and it looks as thou gh they have high performance. Second, the processes and categories used by local police to record crime have historically had a significant degree of local variability; this has made it difficult both to make comparisons among local forces and to form aggregates to provide a meaningful national picture (Clarke, 2006, p. 7). This suggests that the categories that police use to categorise the crimes, are only clear to the local police who have created these statistics, as the statistics are mainly based on the crime in their area, which makes things very ambiguous in the grand scheme of things, when a bigger picture of crime rates in England and Wales. Third, the picture that emerges from recorded crime is potentially distorted by the unknown and uncontrollable variability in the publics reporting of crime to the police (Clarke, 2006, p. 7). This weakness proposes that when the crimes are recorded, the statistics are not entirely accurate because it is not possible to distinguish how many people from the public reported a crime, and how many of the statistics have been adjusted by the police like the first weakness. However, the then home secretary did state that whilst the problems we have remain, there have been several attempts made over the years to address these perceived problems that are there in the Crime Survey for England Wales. These weaknesses are a big factor in the statistics we have for rape, as they came from the CSEW. As the weaknesses mentioned in the report exist, our statistics for rape may not be entirely accurate. This leads us to believe that there may have been more rapes reported by the public but not recorded by the police, and of those that were recorded, only a few maybe accurate as the others may have been adjusted to make the police look more efficient. A further problem this creates for the statistics we have is that, like the second weakness mentioned above, some rape statistics may not have been recorded in the survey by the police as they may not have fell into any of the categories that the police were using to define rape. This could possibly have had a major impact on the statistics we have, hence, impacting the graphs that have been used above to illustrate the trend of rape. To summarise, this essay has looked at the overall trend of rape over the last 120yrs and compared it to the trend of Criminal Damage statistics over the last 120yrs, to show the trend of rape over this period. This essay then delved deeper into the main statistics and broke them down into figures of rape over the last 20 years and then went even further and showed the trends of rape of females of different ages, for example under 16s and under 13s. After that, this essay looked at reasons as to why the statistics are showing what they showed and then went onto discuss the location of where the statistics were found and outlined the problems with the CSEW. Because of these weaknesses, the essay finally looked at how the weaknesses impacted on the rape statistics that we had and used to illustrate the trend of rape from 1898 to 2014/15 which has increased. References   Clarke, C. (2006). Crime Statistics: An Independent review. London: Home Office. Retrieved March 19, 2017, from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http:/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/crime-statistics-independent-review-06.pdf Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. (1994, November 3). Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from The Government Legislation Website The National Archive: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/142 Hale, S. M. (1736). Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (Vol. 1). Oxon (Oxfordshire): Professional Books Ltd. Hanmer, J., Saunders, S. (1984). Well-founded fear : a community study of violence to women. London: Explorations in Feminism Collective (Great Britain). Merriam-Webster. (2017). Rape. Retrieved February 27, 2017, from Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rape Sexual Offences Act. (2003, November 20). Sexual Offences Act 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2017, from The Government Legislation Website The National Archive: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42 Thornhill, R., Palmer, C. T. (2000). A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Adult Education as a Profession

Adult education is a vital profession that needs full attention and thorough analysis to arrive at the best organization of lesson plans. By working towards a goal of transferring the knowledge from one individual to another, it is important to have a prior understanding on the perceived information by both parties..." data-wp-more="more" data-mce-placeholder="1">Talking about diversity, working towards attaining different knowledge of different field is important in gathering information and sharing knowledge to one another. Diversity gives an opportunity to explore areas unexplored by many.By sharing information and specializing on something unexplored by the current tradition, the curiosity of opening the chance of studying a new part of the knowledge will yield to a better understanding of the things they should know.Focusing on a specific subject would make someone an expert for that field and specialized on that branch of knowledge. Since adult education focus on the ways on tr ansferring knowledge on adults, it is important to integrate the core concept of learning to other field of education for them to have a bigger perspective on their opportunities in the world. Understanding the key elements of adult education will yield to a better perspective on the things explored by this system.Incorporating adult education with other field of education is vital for them to be able to materialize the concepts they learned while pursuing the search for higher level of education.If granted by the fact that existing knowledge had been explored through the integration of different key materials, and then the method used by other branches of education can be applied to the methods used in adult education and in result, they could get the implication of using such method in a field unfamiliar to that. By simply understanding the concept given in the search for better learning could be the best way in dealing with the methods used in adult education.While integrating ad ult education with other field of education, it is important to have a higher perspective and see the implication if focusing of adult education whether to individual or the society. Believing in the capability of adult educators and the adults, they somehow have an advantage talking about their experience.So, it is expected to them to view their daily experiences with a higher level of sociological imagination. Therefore, the primary focus of adult education should be in the society for them to further assess their environment as the battlefield of their daily experiences and interactions.They will somehow learn to manage their experiences and translate it in a universal language understood by the society itself. By opening the opportunity for the society to have an upward view of the situation, it will yield to better information gathered by them.Adult Development and LearningIt is very different to teach adult than teaching elementary. Relatively, it is easier to teach children b ecause they don’t have prior learning and the teacher could input all his or her desired knowledge that he or she wants the children should possess. By simply telling stories and ways in which the children could learn, the teacher can actually control the learning stage of the children.It is far from teaching adult people. Not only because there will be times that an adult educator could be younger than his or her students but also, talking about experiences, some of them perceived the knowledge and information they receive based on their prior perception and encoding of the information. This will give them other interpretation, far from the expected interpretation of the teacher.Experience wise, as human beings, we had already encountered many experiences in our life through our lifespan. Therefore, most of the adults being taught by the educator had prior experiences and learning that might contradict the current teachings of knowledge they received from educators. It is a great conflict between clashing of information and different knowledge because the perception of adults may be different from the actual definition of the situation.Since they have the prior opportunity of learning things, the things they may discover could alter their prior belief and may result to unbalanced definition of the scenario. That is why it is important to take into consideration the knowledge of the adult as they are being taught with new things because they may associate it with their previous information and use it as their basis.Learning is a lifetime process. It involves a lifelong situation which one is expected to pick new things as days passed for him or her to be able to use I on the next days to come. By learning new things ad information, the development of knowledge will push through as one gets older.This vital process of learning is important in processing the information with the adult because of their primary reason of associating themselves with such adu lt education. By maintaining a certain level of relationship, the primary goal of the situation, which is to teach them new information, will be beneficial to them and they can use in their everyday actions and lives.Learning process is extremely necessary for every human to attain the level of development required for one’s stage. The implication of this will make a huge impact in the sense that it will make a control over one’s personal attachment to the things he or she see as a part of his or her daily life with the people. By experiencing the level of cohesiveness despite the fact that they have different personalities, the adjustment of learning will become sufficiently enough to bind such ideas.In prioritizing the academic level of learning that should be taught to and should be learned by adult, therefore, it is vital for them to have a subjective analysis of their previous situation before starting to make any action that could affect their personal integratio n of the scenario.Technology ManagementSince the world today is trying to cope up with the fast changing modern technological advancement, different steps had been taken in order to follow these changes. Many systems had been implemented such that, they can easily cope up with the things that are too advanced for the modern world.The use of technology in education is important not only because it is a knowledge being taught but also, it is a way of an easier communication and transferring of information. By maximizing the use of technology, they could easily say and understand the things they should understand in order to attain a level of education which is for them is sufficiently enough.By using group processes that will lead to the use of technology, it is beneficial for them because they will have the opportunity to see the result and at the same time plan for the process they should make. In order for them to have a full understanding, they should be taught first of how to use and implement such technology for them to be able to use and apply it easily.After using the processes involved, the in depth analysis or evaluation should take place for them to be able to assess the things that they did and some recommendations for the process to be more effective and efficient. By doing the analysis, they could give suggestions and then further evaluate the use of technology needed in a situation. They can now apply the concepts they learn in managing and maximizing the potential of their resources such as technology.While the development of technology is now a world’s natural processes, it should be incorporated in the development of curriculum for them to be able to integrate the lessons being taught and the technology of the world. By simply giving way to the use of technology in different class situation, they can introduce the use and importance of such in the lives of the people by making an impact on how it is really important to them.Therefore, by making the things possible and approachable to many people, they had open the gateway for better understanding of the real use and importance of technology in the lives of the people and its application.Lastly, as the incorporation of technology in the processes and curriculum that will introduce its use and importance, the development of different strategies that would answer the call of modern technological advancement is needed. By having a concrete way of developing and introducing materials to the people, they could have a better understanding for them to be able to use it on their applications of the things they learn inside the technological curriculum.Analyzing and looking closely to the real needs of the students by simply looking at their capabilities and their potential, they could have a better hold on the situation and therefore would result to their learning based on the teaching goals, with the incorporation of high technology.Part IIResearch and Evaluation in Educat ionFollowing some ethical consideration, it is of utmost important to protect the welfare of the subject. Whatever the research or the study is, it is always the priority to ensure that you do not violate any human rights or even invade their privacy without their consent. To be able to do this, it is necessary to ask for informed consent to each subject and to tell them the nature of the study. They should know what it is all about, the risk that that they would encounter.By taking the consent of the human subject, they should know all the necessary things, the purpose to be able to avoid deception. There are many groups that claim it is unethical to hide the purpose of the study to the subject.Although some believe that it could alter the result, therefore, it is the responsibility of the researcher to minimize the errors and the biases. Next thing is, they should have the right to ask question or to stop anywhere in the study. They may encounter situation that they think they can ’t handle or bring a lot of stress to them.Also, it is important for them to assure the confidentiality of their identity as the human subject for them to able to say freely and to go with the research without thinking any biases or judgment from external forces.In getting consent, they should sign a paper indicating his or her approval without forcing him or her. It is important to keep that document for the researcher to be able to prove the validity of the subject and also for the protection of the research. That consent should tell the purpose, the study, the institution and also, should indicate the name of the subject and the researcher. With that, both parties should affix their signature for it a valid evidence of the study.The result of the research should be available to the subjects for them to know what they did and their actual performance. It is their primary right to know the result for them to know if there is a deception that happened. Also, debriefing is the last stage of the research.They should debrief the subjects and explain to them what happened and the tell them again the nature of the study, the purpose of gathering data for them to have an understanding and necessary information for that research.Organization and Administration of Adult Education ClassesObjectives:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To learn the function of parts of the brain- *select level*2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be able to analyze different level of thinking *select level*3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be able to learn different hormones responsible for cognitive processes *select level*The first objective can be taught through visual demonstration and the use of familiar words for them to be able to easily understand the facts and the concepts they learn.By providing instructional materials that will make them appreciate the learning and the system that were being introduced, they will have an easier understanding of the subject itself. Also, another technique in demonstrat ing the information is to use familiar pictures or associating it with familiar scenarios that demonstrate the use of every part.The second objective can be taught by simply letting them experience the concepts that lie behind different levels of thinking. By exposing them to the theories and to the concepts that is associated with it, they can devise their own way of understanding the subject and at the same time, learn the lesson.Since different levels of thinking involve an actual process, students can easily absorb the lesson if they will have the proper hands on experience for them to be able to relate the lesson in their everyday experiences.The third objective of learning can be achieved through the use of different processes that the hormone is involved and relating it to almost same process existing I the environment that is familiar to the student for them to incorporate the idea with that process. In doing that they can easily understand not only the concept but also the process itself and its importance in the cognitive thinking.Program Development Process in Adult EducationSince adult education involves the interaction between several minds with prior experiences and information, it is important to devise different strategies and activities that will culminate their knowledge and at the same time, open a possibility of discovering new branch of information that would be beneficial to every one concerned.Before the teaching process, since the transfer of information requires not only the information to be transferred but the medium in which the information will be processed, it is important to centralize the idea to fit the prior information known by the adult to be taught. This is a vital process because it will involve not only the parties concerned but also the environment in which the transfer of learning will take place.Before the desired process, proper orientation and preparation is needed to prepare the possible scenario for each parties in volved. By incorporating the core knowledge in which the processes involved are integrated, it will result to an environment suited to the exchange of knowledge.After they had been introduced to the topics presented, they should be debriefed and tell them the general perspective of the process for them to able to use the implication and the possible outcome of the process. By involving their critical analysis to the subject, it would result to an understanding of the matter.To be able to execute the desired objective of the learning process, it is important to assess at the end if there are certain information that seem to be difficult for them to comprehend or seen irrelevant to their experiences. By letting them view the difference between the prior knowledge they have and the introduced topic, it would result to a better perception and transferring of the knowledge needed.

The Controversial Issue Of Abortion - 1571 Words

The Controversial Issue of Abortion According to Different Faiths The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines abortion as the â€Å"induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the embryo or fetus.† A study conducted by Planned Parenthood found that three out of every ten women over the age of forty-five, have had an abortion. Terminating a pregnancy by abortion catalyzes many disagreements on whether a woman is destroying a human life or not. This type of controversy that follows abortion affects almost every field it touches, including politics. Evidently, this often forces women to choose between their personal preferences and religious beliefs. This ongoing issue still presents many reasons that drive the adherents of†¦show more content†¦Catholic’s are certain that these liberties are a natural God given right that cannot be taken away from an unborn fetus. In the argument involving abortions the Catechism claims, â€Å"God, the Lord of life, has entrusted to men the noble mission of safeguarding lifeâ⠂¬ ¦Life must be protected with the utmost care from the moment of conception: abortion and infanticide are abominable crimes† (The Catechism). To put it another way, God created humans on earth to protect every form of life; from conception until a natural demise, a life has to constantly be nurtured. With that being said, any form of contraception that prevents a life to take place, is considered an unspeakable offense. Sam Harris, an atheist who composed Letter to a Christian Nation, spoke about how essential a human embryo, or blastocyst, is to modern day science. Harris argues that these cells do not have their own minds or neurons yet. He also remarks how they â€Å"could offer therapeutic breakthroughs for every disease or injury process that human beings suffer†¦embryonic stem cells can become any tissue in the human body† (Harris 29). To put it bluntly, Catholic’s completely disagree with Harris’ statement; the catechism claims, â€Å"it is immoral to produce human embryos intended for exploitation as disposable biological material† (The Catechism). Therefore, Catholic’s strongly believe that it is completely immoral to terminate anShow MoreRelatedThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion878 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent discussions of abortion, the controversial issue has become whether or not women should be given the right to take their unborn childâ€℠¢s life away. Many believe in all having the right to live while others believe in the right to be given a choice. Women do not want to be given restrictions, they want to be able to have a voice when making decisions. With abortion women have a hard time making their decision based upon the judgement others make if the decision of abortion is followed throughRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue1256 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a very controversial issue. To first start out abortion is the deliberate termination of a woman’s pregnancy, most often performed within the first 22 weeks of pregnancy. People can either be pro-choice or pro-life for abortion. Being pro-choice means that people believe that it is a woman’s choice to get an abortion if they want one. Pro-life means people believe no matter what if a woman is pregnant they should have the baby; no abortion. I intent to explain why women who get pregnantRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue Of Abort ion Essay2668 Words   |  11 PagesAbortion is terminating a pregnancy before the fetus has been born. Abortion has been and still is very controversial and has had an increasing amount of cases all over the world. In 2000 there were over one million abortions in the United States (Harper, et al., 501). Abortion is one of the most common procedures women undergo. According to the current abortion rates about thirty percent of women will have an abortion by the age of forty-five (Jones and Kavanaugh, 2011). Most abortions are attributedRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion1555 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of abortion in the United States has been and remains one of the most controversial issues in western culture and politics. An abortion can be defined as the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it can survive on its own. This comprises two major forms of abortion: spontaneous, which is often referred to as a miscarriage or induced abortion, which is the deliberate te rmination of a pregnancy. 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Abortion is a very controversial issue in the United States and all across the globe. First, I will discuss the different types of abortion. Next, I will explain when the abortions are performed. Then, I will share some of the laws regarding abortion in the United States. Finally, I will express my views on abortion. Abortion should be illegal in all states. First, I will discuss the various types of abortion. There are threeRead MoreAbortion: a Controversial Issue1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion: A Controversial Issue One of the major controversial issues confronting the society today is abortion. I choose abortion as the topic of discussion since it contradicts my values and beliefs. Abortion is the extraction of the human fetus from the mothers womb with an intention to end the life of that fetus prior to its natural birth. The controversy surrounding abortion is whether it should be legalized or not? In my opinion, abortion is morally and ethically wrong because it leadsRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Issue882 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider abortion as a rightful act, and abortion is a name of destroying human life. Now a days our society faces several types of issues Abortion is one of the complicated issue for both ways health and society that’s why abortion become a very controversial issue that’s become debatable in politics. In addition, these researches will describe the different issues of abortion, such as, legal laws on abortion, restriction of abortions, rate of ab ortion and consequences of the abortion. Abortion is

Importance of the Math Concept Area

Area is a mathematical term defined as the two-dimensional space taken up by an object, notes Study.com, adding that the use of area has many practical applications in building, farming, architecture, science, and even how much carpet youll need to cover the rooms in your house. Sometimes the area is quite easy to determine. For a square or rectangle, the area is the number of square units inside a figure, says Brain Quest Grade 4 Workbook. Such polygons have four sides, and you can determine the area by multiplying the length by the width. Finding the area of a circle, however, or even a triangle can be more complicated and involves the use of various formulas. To truly understand the concept of area—and why its important in business, academics, and everyday life—its helpful to look at the history of the math concept, as well as why it was invented. History and Examples Some of the first known writings about area came from Mesopotamia, says Mark Ryan in Geometry for Dummies, 2nd Edition. This high school math teacher, who also teaches a workshop for parents and has authored numerous math books, says that the Mesopotamians developed the concept to deal with the area of fields and properties: Farmers knew that if one farmer planted an area three times as long and twice as wide as another farmer, then the bigger plot would be 3 x 2 or six times as large as the samller one. The concept of area had many practical applications in the ancient world and in past centuries, Ryan notes: The architects of the pyramids at Giza, which were built about 2,500 B.C., knew how large to make each triangular side of the structures by using the formula for finding the area of a two-dimensional triangle.The Chinese knew how to calculate the area of many different two-dimensional shapes by about 100 B.C.Johannes Keppler, who lived from 1571 to 1630, measured the area of sections of the orbits of the planets as they circled the sun using formulas for calculating the area of an oval or circle.Sir Isaac Newton used the concept of area to develop calculus. So ancient humans, and even those who lived up through the Age of Reason, had many practical uses for the concept of area. And the concept became even more useful in practical applications once simple formulas were developed to find the area of various two-dimensional shapes. Formulas to Determine the Area Before looking at the practical uses for the concept of area, you first need to know formulas for finding the area of various shapes. Fortunately, there are many formulas used to  determine the area of polygons, including these most common ones: Rectangle A rectangle is a special type of quadrangle where all the interior angles are equal to 90 degrees and all opposite sides are the same length. The formula for finding the area of a rectangle is: A H x W where A represents the area, H is the height, and W is the width. Square A square is a special type of a rectangle, where all the sides are equal. Because of that, the formula for finding a square is simpler than that for finding a rectangle: A S x S where A stands for the area and S represents the length of one side. You simply multiply two sides to find the area, since all sides of a square are equal. (In more advanced math, the formula would be written as A S^2, or area equals side squared.) Triangle A triangle is a three-sided closed figure. The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite highest point is called the height (H). So the formula would be: A  ½ x B x H where A, as noted, stands for the area, B is the base of the triangle, and H is the height. Circle The area of a circle is the total area that is bounded by the circumference or the distance around the circle. Think of the area of the circle as if you drew the circumference and filled in the area within the circle with paint or crayons. The formula for the area of a circle is: A   Ãâ‚¬ x r^2 In this formula, A, is, again, the area, r represents the radius (half the distances from one side of the circle to the other), and Ï€ is a Greek letter pronounced pi, which is 3.14 (the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter). Practical Applications There are many authentic and real-life reasons where you would need to calculate the area of various shapes. For instance, suppose you are looking to sod your lawn; you would need to know the area of your lawn in order to purchase enough sod. Or, you may wish to lay carpet in your living room, halls, and bedrooms. Again, you need to calculate the area to determine how much carpeting to purchase for the various sizes of your rooms. Knowing the formulas to calculate areas will help you determine the areas of the rooms. For example, if your living room is 14 feet by 18 feet, and you want to find the area so that you can buy the correct amount of carpet, you would use the formula for finding the area of a rectangle, as follows: A H x WA 14 feet x 18 feetA 252 square feet. So you would need 252 square feet of carpet. If, by contrast, you wanted to lay tiles for your bathroom floor, which is circular, you would measure the distance from one side of the circle to the other—the diameter—and divide by two. Then you would apply the formula for finding the area of the circle as follows: A   Ãâ‚¬(1/2 x D)^2 where D is the diameter, and the other variables are as described previously. If the diameter of your circular floor is 4 feet, you would have: A   Ãâ‚¬ x (1/2 x D)^2A Ï€ x (1/2 x 4 feet)^2A 3.14 x (2 feet)^2A 3.14 x 4 feetA 12.56 square feet You would then round that figure off to 12.6 square feet or even 13 square feet. So you would need 13 square feet of tile to complete your bathroom floor. If you have a really original-looking room in the shape of a triangle, and you want to lay carpet in that room, you would use the formula for finding the area of a triangle. Youd first need to measure the base of the triangle. Suppose you find that the base is 10 feet. Youd measure the height of the triangle from the base to the top of the triangles point. If the height of your triangular rooms floor is 8 feet, youd use the formula as follows: A  ½ x B x HA  ½ x 10 feet x 8 feetA  ½ x 80 feetA 40 square feet So, youd need a whopping 40 square feet of carpet to cover the floor of that room. Make sure you have enough credit remaining on your card before heading to the home-improvement or carpeting store.